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Visual Arts U.S.
The eighteenth century
After the Declaration of Independence in 1776, which marked the official beginning American national identity, the new nation needed a history and a part of this story would be a visual expression. Most of the art U.S. at the beginning (from the 18th century to early 19th century) consists of history painting and portraits. Painters such as Gilbert Stuart made portraits of the newly elected government officials, while John Singleton Copley painted portraits emblematic of the merchant class more prosperous and painters such as John Trumbull were great scenes of battle of the Revolutionary War.
The nineteenth century
Article: Hudson River School, the lightness (American art style) and American Impressionism
James McNeill Whistler, Arrangement in Grey and Black: mother of the artist (1871) popularly known as Whistler's Mother, Muse d'Orsay, Paris
first school in America Schoolppeared paintinghe well known River Hudson, 1820. As for music and literature, this development has been delayed until artists perceived that the New World offers issues unique to itself, in this case the westward expansion of settlement brought the transcendent beauty of frontier landscapes to the attention painters.
The painters of the Hudson River directly, and the simplicity of vision influenced later artists such as Winslow Homer (1836-1910), which represents Americahe rural sea, mountains, and people living near them. life of the city has found its middle class painter Thomas Eakins (1844-1916), an uncompromising realist whose unfailing honesty undermine refined preference for romantic sentimentalism. Henry Ossawa Tanner studied with Thomas Eakins became one of the first African American painters.
Paintings of the Great West, particularly the law of transmission of the large size of the land and cultures of indigenous peoples who live there, are emerging as well. Artists such as George Catlin breaks with the traditional styles of showing the earth, most often to show how a piece of property, to show the West and its people as honestly as possible.
Many painters are considered as Americans have spent some time in Europe and met other European artists in Paris and London as Mary Cassatt and Whistler.
Twentieth Century
Main article: American realism and modernism in America
Mary Cassatt The Bath 1891-1892, Art Institute of Chicago, while painted in Europe, Cassatt is considered an American painter
The controversy has become a way of life for American artists. In fact, much of the painting and sculpture from 1900 has been a series of revolts against tradition. "To hell with the artistic values," said announced Robert Henri (1865-1929). He was the chief what critics called the Ashcan school of painting, after the representations of the group aspects sordid city. realism became U.S. New Direction for America's artists at the turn of century. In the photo Photo-Secession movement directed by Alfred Stieglitz roads makes photography as an art form emerging. Soon, the Ashcan School artists gave way to modernist from Cubist and abstract Europehe promoted by the photographer Alfred Stieglitz (1864-1946) in his 291 Gallery in New York. John Marin, Marsden Hartley, Alfred Maurer Henry, Arthur Dove, Henrietta Shore, Stuart Davis, Stanton Macdonald-Wright, Morgan Russell, Patrick Henry Bruce, Gerald Murphy and had some important early American modernist painters.
After the First World War many American artists also rejected the modern trends from the Armory Show and European influences, such as the School of Paris. Instead, he chose to adopt academic realism in the depiction of American urban scenes and rural. Charles Sheeler and Charles Demuth Precisionists and is known as the Ashcan School artists or American Realism: including George Bellows, Everett Shinn, George Benjamin Luks, William Glackens and John Sloan and others have developed the image of social conscience in their work.
The American Southwest
O'Keeffe White Malva with ram's head and small hills, 1935, the Brooklyn Museum
After the First World War, the end of the railroad in Santa Fe has Travel settlers across the American west to the coast of California. New artists colonies began to develop around Santa Fe and Taos, the main question is Indian artists and landscapes of the Southwest. Images of the Southwest became a popular form of advertising, particularly used by the railroad in Santa Fe attract settlers to come west and enjoy the scenery nsullied. Walter Ufer, Bert Greer Phillips, E. Irving Couse, William Henry Jackson, Georgia O'Keeffe are among the most prolific artists of the Southwest.
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was another event important in American art. In the 1920s and 30s a new generation of educated African-American women have the political acumen and sponsored literary societies and art exhibitions and industry to fight against racist stereotypes. The movement demonstrates the breadth of talent within the African American community. Although the movement including artists from across America will Harlem Harlem and the work of graphic designer and photographer Aaron Douglas James VanDerZee became emblematic of the movement. Some artists are Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence, Charles Alston, Augusta Savage, Archibald Motley, Lois Mailou Jones, Palmer Hayden Sargent and Johnson.
New Deal Art
Thomas Hart Benton, the People of Chilmark (Figure Composition), 1920, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC.
When the Great Depression hit, President Roosevelt's New Deal has created several public art programs. Programs aim was to give Working with artists to decorate public buildings, usually with a national issue. The first of these projects, Public Works Art Project (PWAP) was created after successfully lobbying for unemployed artists of the Artists Union. The PWAP lasted less than one year and produced nearly 15,000 Art. It was followed by the Federal Art Project of Works Progress Administration (FAP / WPA) in 1935, which funded some of the artists the best known of America. Several separate and similar movements are initiated and developed during the Great Depression: U.S. Scene, the regionalism and social realism. Thomas Hart Benton, John Steuart Curry, Grant Wood, Ben Shahn, Joseph Stella, Reginald Marsh, Isaac Soyer, Raphael Soyer and Jack Levine, were some of the most famous artists.
Abstract Expressionism
Main article: abstract expressionism, action painting, the field color and lyrical abstraction
Franz Kline Painting Number February 1954, Museum of Modern Art
In the years following the Second World War, a group of New York artists formed the first American movement to exert more international influence: abstract expressionism. This term was used in Berlin in 1919, was re-used in 1946 by Robert Coates in the New York Times, and was conducted by the two main art critics of the time, Harold Rosenberg and Clement Greenberg. It has always been criticized as being too large and paradoxical, however, the definition common involves the use of abstract art to express feelings and emotions, which is in the artist, and not what came out.
First generation of abstract expressionists is composed of artists like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko, Franz Kline, Arshile Gorky, Robert Motherwell, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Adolph Gottlieb, Philip Guston, Ad Reinhardt, Hans Hofmann, James Brooks, Richard Pousette Dart, William Baziotes, Mark Tobey, Bradley Walker Tomlin Theodoros Stamos, Jack Tworkov and others. Despite the many artists covered by this label is very different styles, contemporary critics found several commonalities between them.
Many first-generation Abstract Expressionists were influenced by the works of the Cubists (black and white in the critical and works of art themselves in Gallery 291, or the Armory Show), and by the European surrealists, most of them abandoned formal composition and representation of real objects, and Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Often, the abstract expressionists decided to try instinctive intuitive, spontaneous arrangements of space, line, shape and color. Abstract Expressionism is characterized by two main elements – the large amount of tissue used (in part inspired by the frescoes of Mexico and works that were done for the WPA in the 1930s), and use strong and unusual brushstrokes and paint application test with a new understanding of the process.
The focus and increased color and large open expanses of the surface were two principles applied to the movement known as Color Field Painting. Ad Reinhardt, Adolph Gottlieb, Mark Rothko, Clyfford Still and Barnett Newman are classified as such. Another movement has been called Action Painting, which is characterized by a spontaneous reaction, powerful strokes, dripped and splattered paint and strong physical movements used in the production of an array. Jackson Pollock is an example of a Action painter: his creative process, integrate and throwing paint dripping from a stick or paid directly from the box, has revolutionized the methods of painting. Willem de Kooning famous said about Pollock "broken the ice for the rest of us." Paradoxically Pollock repetitive large fields are also non-linear characteristics of color field painting as well, and art critic Michael Fried said In his essay for the catalog of Three American painters: Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Frank Stella at the Fogg Art Museum in 1965. Despite disagreements among critics art, abstract expressionism is a milestone in the history of American art: the 1940s and 1950s was to change art International attention-Paris-European, American, New York art.
color paint on the ground has continued as a movement: the artists of the 1950s, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Robert Motherwell, and in the 1960s, Jules Olitski, Kenneth Noland and Helen Frankenthaler, tried to make paintings that would eliminate superfluous rhetoric with large areas of flat color.
After Abstract Expressionism
In the 1950s abstract painting in America evolved into movements such as Neo-Dada, abstract painting Post, Op Art, hard-edge painting, Minimal art, shaped canvas painting of abstract lyrical, and the pursuit of abstract expressionism. In response to the tendency to ignore the images appeared in various new movements like pop art, Bay Area Figurative Movement and later in the neo-expressionism of the 1970s.
lyrical abstraction with the Fluxus movement and Postminimalism (a term coined by Robert Pincus-Witten in the pages of Artforum in 1969) tried to push the boundaries of abstract painting and Minimalism by focusing on processes, new materials and new forms of expression. Postminimalism often incorporating industrial materials, raw materials, manufacturing, found objects, installation, serial repetition, often with references to Dada and Surrealism is best exemplified in the sculptures Eva Hesse. Lyrical Abstraction, Conceptual Art, Postminimalism, Earth Art, video performance, installation, and the continuation of Fluxus, expressionism Abstract, Color Field Painting, hard edge painting, Minimal Art, Op Art, Pop Art, Photorealism and New Realism extended the boundaries of contemporary art in the 1960s to the mid-1970s.
Lyrical Abstraction share similarities with Color Field painting and abstract expressionism in particular in the use Careless Painting – texture and surface. drawing direct use of calligraphic line, the effects of brushing, dotted, stained, wipe, cast, and splashes paint superficially resemble those observed in the abstract expressionism and color field painting. However, the styles are very different.
During the 1960s and 1970s artists as powerful and influential as Adolph Gottlieb, Phillip Guston, Lee Krasner, Cy Twombly, Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns, Richard Diebenkorn, Josef Albers, Elmer Bischoff, Agnes Martin, Al Held Kelly, Sam Francis, Ellsworth, Morris Louis, Gene Davis, Frank Stella, Joan Mitchell, Friedel Dzuba and younger artists like Brice Marden, Robert Mangold, Sam Gilliam, Sean Scully Elizabeth Murray, Walter Darby Bannard, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Ronald Davis, Dan Christensen, Susan Rothenberg, Ross Bleckner, Richard Tuttle, Julian Schnabel, and dozens of other vital products and paints the most influential.
Other modern American movements
Main articles: Pop Art, the hard-edge painting, Happenings, Fluxus, Chicago Imagist, Post-Minimalist, neo-expressionist art and conceptual
Nighthawks (1942) by Edward Hopper is one of his most famous books, the Art Institute of Chicago
Members of the next generation of artists in favor of a different form of abstraction: works of mixed media. Among them, Robert Rauschenberg (1925-2008) Jasper Johns and articles (1930 -), which have used photos, newsprint, and discarded in his compositions. Pop artists like Andy Warhol (1930-1987), Larry Rivers (1923-2002), and Roy Lichtenstein (1923-1997), reproduced, with satiric care, images of everyday objects and American popular cultureoca Cola bottles, soup cans, comic strips. Realism also been popular in the United States, despite the modernist tendencies, such as urban landscapes of Edward Hopper and Norman Rockwell illustrations. In some places, notably Chicago, Abstract Expressionism had never taken in Chicago, the dominant artistic style is bizarre, symbolic realism, as evidenced by Campoli Chicago Imagist Cosmo (1923-1997), Jim Nutt (1938 -), Ed Paschke (1939-2004) and Nancy Spero (1926 -).
Notable Figures
Some important American artists are: Ansel Adams, John James Audubon, Thomas Hart Benton, Albert Bierstadt, Alexander Calder, Mary Cassatt, Frederick Edwin Church, Thomas Cole, Edward S. Curtis, Richard Diebenkorn, Thomas Eakins, Jules Feiffer, Helen Frankenthaler, Arshile Gorky, Marsden Hartley, Al Hirschfeld, Hans Hofmann, Winslow Homer, Georgia O'Keeffe, Lee Krasner, Franz Kline Lange, Willem de Kooning, Dorothea, Roy Lichtenstein, Morris Louis, John Marin, Agnes Martin, Jackson Pollock, Man Ray, Robert Rauschenberg, Frederic Remington, Norman Rockwell, Mark Rothko, Albert Pinkham Ryder, Cindy Sherman, David Smith, Frank Stella, Gilbert Stuart, Louis Comfort Tiffany, Andy Warhol, Frank Lloyd Wright, Andrew Wyeth, NC Wyeth
See also
Abstract Expressionism
Aesthetic
American Impressionism
American modernism
American realism
scenography American
Arts education in the U.S.
color field painting
History of painting
Late modernism
List American artists
Lyrical Abstraction
Modernism
American Indian Art
Regionalism
Sculpture U.S.
Social Realism
Synchronism
Chicago Visual
Western painting
References
A b ^ Movers and Shakers, New York, "Leaving C & H Sarah Douglas, Art + Auction March 2007 V.XXXNo7.
^ Martin, Ann Ray, and Junker Howard. Art Nouveau: The Way, Way Out, Newsweek 29 July 1968: pp.3 0.55 to 63.
Sources
Pohl, Frances K. American framework. A social history of American art. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2002 (pages 7 484, 118-122, 366-365, 385, 343-344, 350-351)
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Categories: American Art | Art by nationality About the Author
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